> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://qmmms.gitbook.io/note/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://qmmms.gitbook.io/note/linux/qms18-ruan-jian-guan-li.md). # 软件管理 ## 软件安装方式介绍 | 发行商代表 | 软件管理机制 | 使用命令 | 在线升级命令 | | :-----------: | :----: | :--: | :-----: | | Fedora/CentOS | RPM | rpm | yum | | Debian/Ubuntu | DPKG | dpkg | apt-get | 因为正在使用 CentOS，所以这里介绍 RPM ## RPM查询 **常用命令如下：** * `rpm -q 软件`：仅查询软件是否安装 * `rpm -qa`：列出所有已安装软件 * `rpm -qi 软件`：列出软件详细信息 * `rpm -ql 软件`：列出软件所有文件目录所在文件名 * `rpm -qf 文件`：找出该文件属于哪个软件 **例子：** ``` [user1@qmmms ~]$ rpm -q gcc gcc-4.8.5-44.el7.x86_64 ``` ## RPM安装 命令`rpm`是本地安装，首先要准备好`.rpm`文件 ```shell rpm -ivh 包 ``` * `-i`：表示安装 * `-v`：显示信息安装信息 * `-h`：显示安装进度条 注：更加详细的安装过程（挂载光盘、查看依赖）请看书 ## RPM卸载 ```shell rpm -e 软件 ``` 注意，如果有其他软件依赖于这个要卸载的软件，卸载不会成功 ## 获取校验码 要获取 MD5，SHA-1，SHA-256 等算法得到的校验码，**格式为：** ```shell md5sum 文件 ``` ```shell sha1sum 文件 ``` ```shell sha256sum 文件 ``` **例子：** ``` [user1@qmmms ~]$ md5sum /etc/passwd 9e35fc8333741cfb858784863621f9b1 /etc/passwd ``` ## YUM 查询 常用功能如下： * `yum search 关键字`：查找相关软件 * `yum list`：列出所有yum管理的软件，列出信息的格式为`软件名 版本 软件源` * `yum info 软件`：列出软件详细信息 * `yum provides 文件`：找出该文件属于哪个软件 **例子：** ``` [user1@qmmms ~]$ yum list | head Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Installed Packages GeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-14.el7 @base NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.18.8-2.el7_9 @updates NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.18.8-2.el7_9 @updates NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.18.8-2.el7_9 @updates NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.18.8-2.el7_9 @updates acl.x86_64 2.2.51-15.el7 @anaconda aic94xx-firmware.noarch 30-6.el7 @anaconda ``` ``` [user1@qmmms ~]$ yum provides passwd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile passwd-0.79-6.el7.x86_64 : An utility for setting or changing passwords using PAM Repo : base passwd-0.79-6.el7.x86_64 : An utility for setting or changing passwords using PAM Repo : @anaconda ``` ## YUM 安装和升级 命令`yum`是在线安装和升级，直接给软件名称就行 ```shell yum install 软件 ``` ```shell yum update 软件 ``` ## YUM卸载 *** ```shell yum remove 软件 ``` ## YUM软件群组 YUM软件群组功能可以安装一系列软件，使用语法与上面相似 ```shell yum grouplist yum groupinfo 软件群组 yum groupinstall 软件群组 yum groupremove 软件群组 ``` **例子：** ``` [user1@qmmms ~]$ yum grouplist | head Loaded plugins: fastestmirror There is no installed groups file. Maybe run: yum groups mark convert (see man yum) Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Available Environment Groups: Minimal Install Compute Node Infrastructure Server File and Print Server Cinnamon Desktop MATE Desktop Basic Web Server ``` ## 安装软件与开启服务的一般流程 *** 1. 安装：`yum install 软件` 2. 开启服务：`systemctl start 软件` 3. 开机启动：`systemctl enable 软件` 4. 设置防火墙：`firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service="服务"` 5. 测试 ## 实例：开启WWW网站服务器 首先查询相关软件是否安装，然后安装它们 ``` [root@qmmms ~]# rpm -q httpd php mariadb-server php-mysql package httpd is not installed package php is not installed package mariadb-server is not installed package php-mysql is not installed [root@qmmms ~]# yum install httpd php mariadb-server php-mysql ``` 有很多输出的信息，这里截取最后几行，可以看到已经安装好了很多相关软件 ``` Installed: httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5 mariadb-server.x86_64 1:5.5.68-1.el7 php.x86_64 0:5.4.16-48.el7 php-mysql.x86_64 0:5.4.16-48.el7 Dependency Installed: apr.x86_64 0:1.4.8-7.el7 apr-util.x86_64 0:1.5.2-6.el7 httpd-tools.x86_64 0:2.4.6-97.el7.centos.5 libaio.x86_64 0:0.3.109-13.el7 libzip.x86_64 0:0.10.1-8.el7 mailcap.noarch 0:2.1.41-2.el7 mariadb.x86_64 1:5.5.68-1.el7 perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2.x86_64 0:2.061-3.el7 perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib.x86_64 1:2.061-4.el7 perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 0:4.023-6.el7 perl-DBI.x86_64 0:1.627-4.el7 perl-Data-Dumper.x86_64 0:2.145-3.el7 perl-IO-Compress.noarch 0:2.061-2.el7 perl-Net-Daemon.noarch 0:0.48-5.el7 perl-PlRPC.noarch 0:0.2020-14.el7 php-cli.x86_64 0:5.4.16-48.el7 php-common.x86_64 0:5.4.16-48.el7 php-pdo.x86_64 0:5.4.16-48.el7 Complete! ``` 开启服务 ``` [root@qmmms ~]# systemctl daemon-reload [root@qmmms ~]# systemctl start httpd [root@qmmms ~]# systemctl enable httpd Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service. [root@qmmms ~]# systemctl enable httpd ``` 设置防火墙 ``` [root@qmmms ~]# firewall-cmd --add-service="http" success [root@qmmms ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service="http" success [root@qmmms ~]# firewall-cmd --reload success [root@qmmms ~]# firewall-cmd --list-all public (active) target: default icmp-block-inversion: no interfaces: eth0 sources: services: dhcpv6-client http ssh ports: 80/tcp protocols: masquerade: no forward-ports: source-ports: icmp-blocks: rich rules: ``` 之后在你的电脑的浏览器上输入远程服务器的 ip 地址，就可以看到网页 如果在服务器上开启了图形模式并打开浏览器，输入 localhost 就可以看到网页 ![网页服务器](https://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/centos7/0520softwaremanager/testing.jpg) 如果想要展示自己的网页，在`/var/www/html/`中编辑`index.html`文件 --- # Agent Instructions This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. 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